ICT – Page 2 – Rebekah Heacock Jones

Mobile Money: Developing Countries

I’m spending today at the Macroeconomics of Mobile Money conference at the Columbia Institute for Tele-Information (CITI). I’ve been eagerly awaiting the final session on mobile money for developing countries, which Raul Katz is moderating.

Liveblogging. Please excuse misrepresentation, misinterpretation, typos and general stupidity.

Katz kicks things off by admitting that “we’ve been dancing around the issue of developing countries” for much of the day. He hopes this panel will give us a chance to dig in to the implications of mobile technologies for economic growth in the developing world.

Mobile Money and Economic Development

Dan Jensen of iWorld Services has been in the business since 1974. iWorld deploys Internet-based, open source platforms, products and services in the developing world, focusing largely on Voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP) and targeting small businesses and low-income/rural areas. Their goal is to foster social entrepreneurship in these countries. iWorld works largely with migrant workers and their families — people who don’t have credit cards, computers or wireless devices.

Jensen notes that much of international voice traffic is transitioning from cell phones to VoIP. They hope to begin developing “virtual callshops” and “small business incubators in a box” to support both small businesses and microfinance organizations.

The Use of Mobile Phones for the Unbanked in Saharan Africa

Judith O’Neill has experience in mobile banking on both the business and legal sides. Mobile banking in sub-Saharan Africa started around 2002, but the hype is happening now. The Kenyan government has pledged to increase the percentage of its population with access to formal finance from 27% to 65% within the decade, and all “MTN countries” are pushing for mobile banking to varying degrees.

The players on this scene include mobile operators, banks, products, human ATMs and consumers. O’Neill is particularly interested in the role of human ATMs, which range from individuals in rural villages to various grocery or department stores in larger cities.

She notes that M-Pesa offers completely anonymous SIM cards, which people like for privacy reasons, but which also open up the system to use by terrorists and other criminals. She mentions that this is something that “will be sorted out eventually.”

(Note: SIM card registration was heavily debated in Kenya after the 2007 elections, when text messages were used to incite violence. In July 2009 President Kibaki ordered the Ministry of Information and Communication to begin registering mobile subscribers within 6 months. Some argue that, in addition to possibly increasing costs, this poses a threat to opposition member and human rights activists within the country.)

MTN or Safaricom are the major mobile operators (there’s some debate over which is the largest). Safaricom rolled out M-Pesa in Kenya, where they have 80% of the mobile market. MTN is attempting to introduce mobile banking to all the countries in which it operates, but development has been slower than expected.

O’Niell believes Mobux has a great plan, but they’re not getting funding because they’re based on a private equity model. Other mobile operators (AfriCel, Zaim, SierraTel) are too fragmented and don’t support their own employees enough to be successful in the mobile banking sector at this point.

Formal banks often have requirements (minimum account balances, etc.) that the very poor can’t meet. South African banks require a minimum account balance of 20-30 rand ($2.70-$4) per month, while mobile banks only require 5 rand ($0.69). Many available channels for remittances are also expensive, taking 3 to 55 percent (55 percent!) of the transaction amount.

Based on historical data about “major change adoption,” O’Neill believes mobile banking should reach a 50% market adoption by 2015.

Development Implications of Mobile Money

Richard Field, who has consulted for the World Bank, the UN and ASEAN, is filling in for a speaker from the World Bank who couldn’t make it.

Field starts by asking what problem, exactly, needs to be solved? Is it extreme poverty? Can we solve this through mobile cash? Is the problem that money is available but too costly to move? Is it the problem of how to expand markets? Is it more government control? Less government control?

Field’s presentation is largely a serious of questions, but he raises some incredibly important issues. A sample:

New availability of credit poses some potential risks: the overextension of loans might lead to inflation or erode the strength of the national bank. Most mobile banking products don’t have reserve requirements in the way formal financial institutions do.
Another consideration: who issues these loans? Some people believe only banks should have this power, while others believe these services can be provided by microfinance institutions and even organizations like PayPal as well.
What kind of safety net is in place?
Are payment systems controlled locally or internationally?
What about fraud, identity theft, corruption?
What’s the effect on society if banking is happening so much more quickly?
What kind of additional resources do funders need to support?
What about the need for public education?

Lots of things to think about.

Mobile Money: Is the mobile secure?

I’m spending today at the Macroeconomics of Mobile Money conference at the Columbia Institute for Tele-Information (CITI). Columbia University professor Steve Bellovin is moderating the first afternoon session, on security in mobile banking. (Side note: I blogged about Bellovin’s opposition to UN efforts to limit online anonymity for my first-ever post on The Morningside Post.)

Liveblogging. Please excuse misrepresentation, misinterpretation, typos and general stupidity.

Overview of Mobile Banking Threats

Kevin Streff of Dakota State University immediately wins me over by bragging about South Dakota’s Corn Palace. Not at all ashamed to admit I’ve been there.

Streff begins by talking about the top technology concerns for community banks, including managing risks, protecting data, and detecting fraud. He says a 2008 Independent Community Bankers of America survey revealed that community banks are planning to enter the mobile banking field.

Streff says there’s a solid business case for mobile banking: it improves customer service and reduces costs. The biggest reason, though, is “because they have to.” We saw the same thing with online banking in the past decade — customers are increasingly expecting this new technology, but these expectations cause serious worries for community banks. Is it worth the cost? How will they manage it? Where will they find people who have the necessary skills to implement and run mobile banking services?

Streff divides mobile banking into three types:

Text systems
Thin client model: mobile web
Fat client model: client side applications

Streff asks which model we think is the most risky, and the room is fairly evenly split into thirds. It turns out the fat client model is the most dangerous because you have to download code onto a physical device. This introduces concerns about authentication, stolen devices, viruses, encryption and a host of other security issues.

Streff says it’s difficult for experts, let alone risk assessors at community banks, to accurately determine what level of risk is involved in these systems. (For those who are interested, his paper on information security in mobile banking is available online.)

Demand is high, so banks are implementing mobile systems, and security is an afterthought. For this reason, Streff believes that security professionals are the ones who need to drive the creation of solutions for mobile banking systems.

Securing Mobile-money: The Ugandan Experience

Michael Landau of MAP International is up next to discuss MAP’s recent work in Uganda. President Museveni has stated:

With New York-based MAP International, we are rolling out a system we hope will give 90 per cent of our people access to modern banking services—up from the level of 15 per cent today. The new system will allow people, even in remote rural areas, to access their accounts and pay bills via cell phone.

Landau highlights several problems in Uganda: the lack of electronic banking, the lack of a national savings system, and the lack of a sufficient number of local microfinance branches (making obtaining loans and repaying them difficult for people in rural areas). Salaries and pensions are all in cash, opening up a host of problems with fraud and corruption. Poor infrastructure is also a problem.

MAP’s task was to create a sustainable system that would address these problems while also satisfying their needs as a private company. The solution: biometrics.

Simply, biometric info is entered into MAP’s system, and people are issued ID cards with a magnetic strip that contains this information. This is a fairly fail-proof method of identification. This makes enrolling in MAP’s banking system a 90-second process, rather than a several-week process. It also helps with security.

Another aspect of the program is a Point of Sale (PoS) device: these are handheld and battery-powered devices that run MAP’s proprietary software and can interact with SIM cards. They bring a full suite of banking services — deposits, withdrawals, transfers, account statements — to rural areas and function as “human ATMs.”

MAP partners with Uganda Telecom and Post Bank Uganda. Their goal is to provide a fully integrated platform, and they support themselves by charging a commission on each transaction. (I’m curious how much this commission is. Landau’s attitude strikes me as a bit patronizing overall — a lot of “these people” and “these villagers” — but the system seems to be getting a fair amount of good press.)

Mobile Payment Security: What it means and how to implement it?

PayPal’s Hadi Nahari, whose background is in security, cryptography and identity management, starts out by calling smart phones “stupid phones” — “it’s just a little computer.”

Nahari establishes the importance of mobile systems: in addition to being widely available, they have countless uses. Also:

Mobile is the only digital system many people will ever encounter.

Nahari claims there is a “mobile identity crisis”: everyone has a stake in mobile systems, from those who create the devices to the telecom companies to product retailers to microfinance institutions to banks to a plethora of standardization bodies (“do you see an oxymoron here?” he asks) to the networks themselves. These players don’t always trust each other, making for a complex and difficult landscape.

Nahari displays a graph of mobile usage from October 2008 to February 2010. iPhone usage peaked in May 2009 and has decreased slightly since then (while still maintaining a huge chunk of the market), while Android usage has steadily risen. Other systems (WinMo, etc.) have decreased from about 25% of the market to around 5%.

Nahari uses Marc Andreessen’s definition of a “platform”:

“A ‘platform’ is a system that can be programmed and therefore customized by outside developers — users — and in that way, adapted to countless needs and niches that the platform’s original developers could not have possibly contemplated, much less had time to accommodate.
— Marc Andreessen

He then describes the “mobile app warehousing ecosystem”: development, deployment to app stores, downloading to devices. This ecosystem is both distributed and open. He believes that different app stores will need to cooperate more in the future. Security has to be reasonable and cost-effective as well as usable. The rest needs to be handled via risk management.

GV Transparency: Is ICT all it’s cracked up to be?

As part of the Global Voices Technology for Transparency Network, my fellow researchers and I will be blogging about ICT all over the world. My first post, on a failed ICT for governance project in Sudan and the implications for tech efforts during the upcoming elections, went up today.

In a December 2009 Global Voices article titled “ICT4D: Past mistakes, future wisdom,” Aparna Ray points out that many technology for development projects have “started with a bang and later died with a whimper.” According to a recent article in the Financial Times, such is the fate of a multimillion dollar World Bank plan to supply Juba, the capital of Southern Sudan, with computers and Internet access.

Read the full article »

We’re hoping to get a discussion going over at Global Voices that not only highlights the tremendous power of the Internet and other digital tools, but also explores the challenges and difficulties of using these tools for political development and civic engagement. I welcome your comments here and on the original post.

From Budapest to Haiti to NY to Chile

After the Global Voices Summit in 2008, I came home and raved to friends and coworkers about Ushahidi, and they looked at me and said, “Usha-what?” Now people are coming up to me in the hallways and asking me if I’ve heard of this new Chile crisis mapping project that’s happening at SIPA.

Eight days ago I found out that I would be attending the 2010 Global Voices Citizen Media Summit in Santiago, Chile. I’m thrilled to have the opportunity to meet up with the larger GV community again, and I’ve been browsing through old blog posts from the 2008 summit in Budapest.

I helped put out the liveblog for that summit, including the coverage of a session called When the World Listens, about the power of citizen media. Juliana Rotich, Program Director for Ushahidi, spoke during the session about the organization’s role in documenting the post-election violence in Kenya in late 2007 and early 2008.

At the time, the founders of Ushahidi were deciding what to do now that the Kenyan crisis had ebbed. Juliana said the next step would be to create a downloadable tool that could be used by anyone in the world.

Flash forward to this Saturday, when I worked with the rest of The Morningside Post team to host a conference on Policy Making in the Digital Age at the Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA). Patrick Meier, SIPA alum and Director of Crisis Mapping and Strategic Partnerships at Ushahidi, came and spoke about “Usha-Haiti,” the instance of Ushahidi developed to respond to the massive earthquake in Haiti in January.

As Patrick writes on the Ushahidi blog, at 7:00am — just a few hours before he spoke at SIPA — he heard that an earthquake of even higher magnitude had just hit Chile. Before leaving for New York, Patrick had already launched the Ushahidi team into action, cloning the earthquake-specific Haiti site and beginning to customize it for Chile.

While speaking at SIPA, Patrick described the Ushahidi Situation Room at Tufts, where student volunteers have been working around the clock to map reports from Haiti. By the time Patrick left Columbia’s campus on Saturday afternoon, a group of students who had attended the conference had already created a Facebook group and begun organizing potential volunteers through a Google group.

Yesterday, Patrick announced that SIPA would be taking the lead Ushahidi – Chile. New York now has its very own Ushahidi Situation Room, and I’m headed to campus in a few hours for a training so I can help out.

I’m trying to figure out how to describe this circle of events. “It’s a small world” doesn’t seem to apply, since it is, in fact, a very big world — from Budapest to Port-au-Prince to New York to Santiago covers a lot of area, and I haven’t even mentioned how some of the students heading the SIPA Sit Room are also putting together an instance of Ushahidi for Iraq.

I’m amazed at how much has happened in this field in two years. After the Global Voices Summit in 2008, I came home and raved to friends and coworkers about Ushahidi, and they looked at me and said, “Usha-what?” Now people are coming up to me in the hallways and asking me if I’ve heard of this new Chile crisis mapping project that’s happening at SIPA.

My heart goes out to those who have lost loved ones in both Haiti and Chile, and I hope that what the SIPA Sit Room does over the coming days and weeks can help.

Map Kibera

On Wednesday morning I got the chance to Skype with Mikel Maron and Erica Hagen about Map Kibera, their project to collaboratively map a slum in Nairobi, Kenya. My favorite part of the interview? When Mikel explains how Map Kibera is translating online data into real-world action. A hint: “print’s cool.”

On Wednesday morning I got the chance to Skype with Mikel Maron and Erica Hagen about Map Kibera, their project to collaboratively map a slum in Nairobi, Kenya. The interview was for Global Voices’ Technology for Transparency Network, a project that I’m unspeakably thrilled to be a part of.

My favorite part of the interview? When Mikel explains how Map Kibera is translating online data into real-world action. A hint: “paper’s cool.”

The full case study went up today, along with a podcast of our chat. Check it out, and make sure to browse through the full list of projects around the world that use online tools to push for civic engagement and government transparency.